Feat: basic string and memory functions

Continue filling out the basic standard lib functions.
Included prototypes of the str* and mem* families.
Plan to add e(str|mem) and n(str|mem) variants as well.

60 files changed, 497 insertions, 194 deletions

diff --git a/include/base.h b/include/base.h
index d532a85..f7a1024 100644
--- a/include/base.h
+++ b/include/base.h
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 typedef wchar_t wchar;
 
 /* must be included first */
-#include <base/mem.h>
+#include <base/memory.h>
 #include <base/string.h>
 #include <base/error.h>
 #include <base/io.h>
diff --git a/include/base/fmt.h b/include/base/fmt.h
index 4c187fd..92e3261 100644
--- a/include/base/fmt.h
+++ b/include/base/fmt.h
@@ -54,12 +54,12 @@ int   fmt·fprint(int fd, char *fmt, ...);
 void  fmt·panic(char *fmt, ...);
 
 int   fmt·sprint(char *buf, char *fmt, ...);
-int   fmt·nsprint(int len, char *buf, char *fmt, ...);
+int   fmt·nsprint(char *buf, int len, char *fmt, ...);
 char *fmt·esprint(char *buf, char *end, char *fmt, ...);
 
 int   fmt·vprint(char *fmt, va_list args);
 int   fmt·vfprint(int fd, char *fmt, va_list args);
-int   fmt·vnsprint(int len, char *buf, char *fmt, va_list args);
+int   fmt·vnsprint(char *buf, int len, char *fmt, va_list args);
 char *fmt·vesprint(char *buf, char *end, char *fmt, va_list args);
 
 /* low-level interface: used for custom printing verbs */
diff --git a/include/base/io.h b/include/base/io.h
index dae57ef..04b596f 100644
--- a/include/base/io.h
+++ b/include/base/io.h
@@ -61,14 +61,6 @@ typedef struct io·ReadWriter
 } io·ReadWriter;
 extern io·ReadWriter sys·ReadWriter;
 
-/* XXX: change casing */
-enum
-{
-    ReadOK  = R_OK,
-    WriteOK = W_OK,
-    ExecOK  = X_OK,
-};
-
 /* buffered i/o */
 typedef struct io·Header io·Header;
 typedef struct io·Buffer io·Buffer;
diff --git a/include/base/mem.h b/include/base/memory.h
index 6f14c8e..d80b34c 100644
--- a/include/base/mem.h
+++ b/include/base/memory.h
@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ void       mem·freearena(mem·Arena *A);
 extern mem·Allocator mem·ArenaAllocator;
 
 /* mem functions */
-int   mem·move(void *dst, void *src, uintptr size);
+int   mem·move(void *dst, uintptr size, void *src);
+int   mem·copy(void *dst, uintptr size, void *src);
+int   mem·compare(void *, uintptr size, void *);
 void *mem·findc(void *dst, uintptr len, int c);
-int   mem·set(void *dst, int val, uintptr size);
-int   mem·set64(void *dst, uint64 val, uintptr size);
-
+int   mem·set(void *dst, uintptr size, int val);
+int   mem·set64(void *dst, uintptr size, uint64 val);
diff --git a/include/base/string.h b/include/base/string.h
index 0800f60..a6d6612 100644
--- a/include/base/string.h
+++ b/include/base/string.h
@@ -1,34 +1,53 @@
 #pragma once
 
-typedef byte* string;
+typedef char* string;
+
+/* basic c string (nul terminated) functions */
+intptr   str·len(char *s);
+
+char    *str·findc(char *s, int c);
+char    *str·nfindc(char *s, intptr n, int c);
+char    *str·efindc(char *s, char *e, int c);
+
+char    *str·find(char *s, char *sub);
+char    *str·nfind(char *s, intptr n, char *sub);
+char    *str·efind(char *s, char *e, char *sub);
+
+char    *str·copy(char *dst, char *src);
+char    *str·ncopy(char *dst, intptr n, char *src);
+char    *str·ecopy(char *dst, char *end, char *src);
+
+char    *str·append(char *dst, char *src);
+char    *str·nappend(char *dst, intptr n, char *src);
+char    *str·eappend(char *dst, char *end, char *src);
+
+int      str·compare(char *, char *);
+int      str·ncompare(char *, intptr len, char *);
+int      str·ecompare(char *, char *end, char *);
+
+int      str·atoi(char *s);
+char    *str·itoa(char *s, int x);
 
 /* augmented string functions */
-string  str·makecap(const char *s, vlong len, vlong cap);
-string  str·makelen(const char *s, vlong len);
-string  str·make(const char *s);
-string  str·makef(const char *fmt, ...);
-void    str·free(string s);
-int     str·len(const string s);
-int     str·cap(const string s);
-void    str·clear(string *s);
-void    str·grow(string *s, vlong delta);
-void    str·fit(string *s);
-int     str·appendlen(string *s, vlong len, const char *b);
-int     str·append(string *s, const char *b);
-int     str·appendf(string *s, const char *fmt, ...);
-int     str·appendbyte(string *s, const char b);
-bool    str·equals(const string s, const string t);
-int     str·find(string s, const char* substr);
-void    str·lower(string s);
-void    str·upper(string s);
-int     str·read(string s, int size, int n, void *buf);
-void    str·replace(string s, const byte* from, const byte* to);
-string* str·split(string s, const byte* tok);
-string  str·join(vlong len, byte** fields, const byte* sep);
-
-/* raw C string functions */
-char    *str·copyn(char *dst, char *src, int n);
-
-/* string parsing */
-int     str·atoi(char *s);
-char   *str·itoa(char *s, int x);
+string  string·makecap(char *s, vlong len, vlong cap);
+string  string·makelen(char *s, vlong len);
+string  string·make(char *s);
+string  string·makef(char *fmt, ...);
+void    string·free(string s);
+int     string·len(string s);
+int     string·cap(string s);
+void    string·clear(string *s);
+void    string·grow(string *s, vlong delta);
+void    string·fit(string *s);
+int     string·appendlen(string *s, vlong len, char *b);
+int     string·append(string *s, char *b);
+int     string·appendf(string *s, char *fmt, ...);
+int     string·appendbyte(string *s, char b);
+bool    string·equals(string s, string t);
+int     string·find(string s, char *substr);
+void    string·lower(string s);
+void    string·upper(string s);
+int     string·read(string s, int size, int n, void *buf);
+void    string·replace(string s, byte* from, byte* to);
+string* string·split(string s, byte* tok);
+string  string·join(vlong len, byte** fields, byte* sep);
diff --git a/src/base/fmt/nsprint.c b/src/base/fmt/nsprint.c
index 90489e0..598b0a5 100644
--- a/src/base/fmt/nsprint.c
+++ b/src/base/fmt/nsprint.c
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 int
-fmt·nsprint(int len, char *buf, char *fmt, ...)
+fmt·nsprint(char *buf, int len, char *fmt, ...)
 {
     int n;
     va_list args;
 
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    n = fmt·vnsprint(len, buf, fmt, args);
+    n = fmt·vnsprint(buf, len, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
 
     return n;
diff --git a/src/base/fmt/sprint.c b/src/base/fmt/sprint.c
index f1be6dd..3d895df 100644
--- a/src/base/fmt/sprint.c
+++ b/src/base/fmt/sprint.c
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ fmt·sprint(char *buf, char *fmt, ...)
         len = -(uintptr)buf-1;
 
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    n = fmt·vnsprint(len, buf, fmt, args);
+    n = fmt·vnsprint(buf, len, fmt, args);
     va_end(args);
 
     return n;
diff --git a/src/base/fmt/vnsprint.c b/src/base/fmt/vnsprint.c
index 7ded908..7263c3b 100644
--- a/src/base/fmt/vnsprint.c
+++ b/src/base/fmt/vnsprint.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 int
-fmt·vnsprint(int len, char *buf, char *fmt, va_list args)
+fmt·vnsprint(char *buf, int len, char *fmt, va_list args)
 {
     fmt·State io;
 
diff --git a/src/base/fs/walk.c b/src/base/fs/walk.c
index 752791d..4b0d0aa 100644
--- a/src/base/fs/walk.c
+++ b/src/base/fs/walk.c
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ fs·walk(fs·Walker *fs)
                (d->d_name[1] == '.' && d->d_name[2] == 0)) /* .. */ 
                 continue;
 
-            fs->end = str·copyn(fs->base, d->d_name, arrend(fs->path) - fs->base);
+            fs->end = str·ncopy(fs->base, arrend(fs->path) - fs->base, d->d_name);
 
             fs->lev++;
             fs·walk(fs);
diff --git a/src/base/fs/walker.c b/src/base/fs/walker.c
index 4ef35cf..d988d13 100644
--- a/src/base/fs/walker.c
+++ b/src/base/fs/walker.c
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fs·init(fs·Walker *fs, char *path)
             return 1;
         fs->end += strlen(path);
     }else
-        fs->end = str·copyn(fs->base, path, arrlen(fs->path));
+        fs->end = str·ncopy(fs->base, arrlen(fs->path), path);
 
     if(fs->path[0] != '/')
         fs->fd = AT_FDCWD;
diff --git a/src/base/io/getc.c b/src/base/io/getc.c
index 68e1772..0f0d62e 100644
--- a/src/base/io/getc.c
+++ b/src/base/io/getc.c
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ loop:
      * get next buffer, try to keep io·BufUngets bytes
      * pre-catenated from the previous read to allow for ungets 
      */
-    mem·move(io->b-io·BufUngets, io->e-io·BufUngets, io·BufUngets);
+    mem·move(io->b-io·BufUngets, io·BufUngets, io->e-io·BufUngets);
     if(sys·read(io->fd, io->cap, io->b, &nr)){
         io->state = io·BufNil;
         return io·BufEof;
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ loop:
     }
 
     if(nr < io->cap){
-        mem·move(io->e-i-io·BufUngets, io->b-io·BufUngets, i+io·BufUngets);
+        mem·move(io->e-i-io·BufUngets, i+io·BufUngets, io->b-io·BufUngets);
         io->g = io->e-i;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/base/io/read.c b/src/base/io/read.c
index d4f7bd9..a972c3e 100644
--- a/src/base/io/read.c
+++ b/src/base/io/read.c
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@ io·read(io·Header *io, intptr len, void *buf)
             io->pos += nr;
             if(nr < io->cap){
                 io->g = io->e-nr;
-                mem·move(io->g, io->b, nr);
+                mem·move(io->g, nr, io->b);
             }
             ic -= nr;
             continue;
         }
         /* move our read bytes into the caller's buffer */
-        mem·move(b, io->e+ic, n);
+        mem·move(b, n, io->e+ic);
         c  -= n;
         ic += n;
         b  += n;
diff --git a/src/base/io/readuntil.c b/src/base/io/readuntil.c
index d5c2ed6..3fe3925 100644
--- a/src/base/io/readuntil.c
+++ b/src/base/io/readuntil.c
@@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ io·readuntil(io·Header *io, int delim)
     }
     /* ok no luck, shift over the data and get more */
     if(i < io->cap)
-        mem·move(io->b, b, i);
+        mem·move(io->b, i, b);
     io->g = io->b;
 
     /* write to the buffer while we search for delim */
     b = (char *)io->b + i;
     while(i < io->cap){
         if(sys·read(io->fd, io->cap-i, b, &j) || j == 0){
-            mem·move(io->e-i, io->b, i);
+            mem·move(io->e-i, i, io->b);
             io->nread = +i;
             io->ilen = -i;
             io->g = io->e - i;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ io·readuntil(io·Header *io, int delim)
             /* finally have a hit. reset the world */
             b = (char*)io->e - i;
             if(i < io->cap){
-                mem·move(b, io->b, i);
+                mem·move(b, i, io->b);
                 io->g = (uchar *)b;
             }
             j = (e - (char*)io->b) + 1;
diff --git a/src/base/io/write.c b/src/base/io/write.c
index 2f37200..554aa88 100644
--- a/src/base/io/write.c
+++ b/src/base/io/write.c
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ io·write(io·Header *io, intptr len, void *buf)
                 return io·BufEof;
             }
         }
-        mem·move(io->e+o, b, n);
+        mem·move(io->e+o, n, b);
         o += n;
         c -= n;
         b += n;
diff --git a/src/base/mem/compare.c b/src/base/mem/compare.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2cdd1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/mem/compare.c
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include <u.h>
+
+int
+mem·compare(void *qry, void *ref, uintptr size)
+{
+    intptr i;
+    char *q=qry, *r=ref;
+    for(i=0; i < size; i++)
+        if(q[i] != r[i])
+            return q[i] - r[i];
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/mem/copy.c b/src/base/mem/copy.c
index 5ce4f90..001d5e5 100644
--- a/src/base/mem/copy.c
+++ b/src/base/mem/copy.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 int
-mem·copy(void *dst, void *src, uintptr len)
+mem·copy(void *dst, uintptr len, void *src)
 {
     char *d, *s;
     if((long)len < 0)
diff --git a/src/base/mem/move.c b/src/base/mem/move.c
index 5ad4074..7f6e906 100644
--- a/src/base/mem/move.c
+++ b/src/base/mem/move.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 int
-mem·move(void *dst, void *src, uintptr len)
+mem·move(void *dst, uintptr len, void *src)
 {
     char *d, *s;
     if((long)len < 0)
diff --git a/src/base/mem/rules.mk b/src/base/mem/rules.mk
index a4d9f10..9f07d34 100644
--- a/src/base/mem/rules.mk
+++ b/src/base/mem/rules.mk
@@ -1,9 +1 @@
-SRCS_$(d)+=\
-	$(d)/mem/arena.c\
-	$(d)/mem/buffer.c\
-	$(d)/mem/interface.c\
-	$(d)/mem/set.c\
-	$(d)/mem/set64.c\
-	$(d)/mem/findc.c\
-	$(d)/mem/copy.c\
-	$(d)/mem/move.c
+SRCS_$(d)+=$(wildcard $(d)/mem/*.c)
diff --git a/src/base/mem/set.c b/src/base/mem/set.c
index 2e296be..cb19cae 100644
--- a/src/base/mem/set.c
+++ b/src/base/mem/set.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 int
-mem·set(void *addr, int c, uintptr len)
+mem·set(void *addr, uintptr len, int c)
 {
     char *a = addr;
 
diff --git a/src/base/mem/set32.c b/src/base/mem/set32.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21ad64f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/mem/set32.c
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include "internal.h"
+
+int
+mem·set32(void *dst, uintptr size, uint32 val)
+{
+    intptr i;
+
+    for(i = 0; i < (size & (~3)); i += 4)
+        mem·copy((byte*)dst + i, 4, &val);
+
+    for(; i < size; i++)
+        ((byte*)dst)[i] = ((byte*)&val)[i&3];
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/mem/set64.c b/src/base/mem/set64.c
index 7000866..669c70c 100644
--- a/src/base/mem/set64.c
+++ b/src/base/mem/set64.c
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 int
-mem·set64(void *dst, uint64 val, uintptr size)
+mem·set64(void *dst, uintptr size, uint64 val)
 {
     intptr i;
 
     for(i = 0; i < (size & (~7)); i += 8)
-        memcpy((byte*)dst + i, &val, 8);
+        mem·copy((byte*)dst + i, 8, &val);
 
     for(; i < size; i++)
         ((byte*)dst)[i] = ((byte*)&val)[i&7];
diff --git a/src/base/string/append.c b/src/base/string/append.c
index d4d0396..60e1b48 100644
--- a/src/base/string/append.c
+++ b/src/base/string/append.c
@@ -5,20 +5,20 @@
 // string to our buffer. the result is reallocated if not enough room is present
 // in the buffer.
 int
-str·appendlen(string *s, vlong n, const byte* b)
+string·appendlen(string *s, vlong n, byte* b)
 {
     /*
     bl = strlen(b);
     if (n > bl) panicf("attempted to make a substring longer than string");
     */
 
-    str·grow(s, n);
+    string·grow(s, n);
     if(*s == nil)
         return 0;
 
     Hdr* h = (Hdr*)(*s - sizeof(Hdr));
 
-    memcpy(*s + str·len(*s), b, n);
+    memcpy(*s + string·len(*s), b, n);
     h->len += n;
    (*s)[h->len] = '\0';
 
@@ -28,24 +28,24 @@ str·appendlen(string *s, vlong n, const byte* b)
 // append will append the given null terminated c string to the string data
 // structure. this variant will append the entire string.
 int
-str·append(string *s, const byte* b)
+string·append(string *s, byte* b)
 {
-    return str·appendlen(s, strlen(b), b);
+    return string·appendlen(s, strlen(b), b);
 }
 
 // appendbyte will append the given byte to our string.
 // NOTE: as the byte is on the stack, it is not null-terminated.
 // can not pass to the above functions.
 int
-str·appendbyte(string *s, const byte b)
+string·appendbyte(string *s, byte b)
 {
-    str·grow(s, 1);
+    string·grow(s, 1);
     if(*s == nil)
         return 0;
 
     Hdr* h = (Hdr*)(*s - sizeof(Hdr));
 
-    *(*s + str·len(*s)) = b;
+    *(*s + string·len(*s)) = b;
     h->len++;
     (*s)[h->len] = '\0'; // NOTE: I don't think an explicit zero is required..?
 
diff --git a/src/base/string/appendf.c b/src/base/string/appendf.c
index 4b8d76c..dee2065 100644
--- a/src/base/string/appendf.c
+++ b/src/base/string/appendf.c
@@ -6,26 +6,18 @@
  */
 
 int
-str·appendf(string *s, const byte* fmt, ...)
+string·appendf(string *s, byte* fmt, ...)
 {
+    int r, n;
     va_list args;
+
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    int remain = str·cap(*s) - str·len(*s);
-    int n      = vsnprintf(*s + str·len(*s), remain + 1, fmt, args);
+    do{
+        r = string·cap(*s) - string·len(*s);
+        n = fmt·vnsprint(*s + string·len(*s), r+1, fmt, args);
+        string·grow(s, 2*string·cap(*s));
+    }while(n==r);
     va_end(args);
 
-    if(n > remain){
-        // If the first write was incomplete, we overwite the data again.
-        str·grow(s, n);
-        va_list args;
-        va_start(args, fmt);
-        n = vsnprintf(*s + str·len(*s), n + 1, fmt, args);
-        assert(n - remain <= str·cap(*s));
-        va_end(args);
-    }
-
-    Hdr* h = (Hdr*)(*s - sizeof(Hdr));
-    h->len += n;
-
     return n;
 }
diff --git a/src/base/string/clear.c b/src/base/string/clear.c
index 986f809..fae6536 100644
--- a/src/base/string/clear.c
+++ b/src/base/string/clear.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 void
-str·clear(string *s)
+string·clear(string *s)
 {
     Hdr* h = (Hdr*)(*s - sizeof(Hdr));
     h->len     = 0;
diff --git a/src/base/string/equals.c b/src/base/string/equals.c
index a975cf5..3637d67 100644
--- a/src/base/string/equals.c
+++ b/src/base/string/equals.c
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 
 // Equals returns true if string s and t are equivalent.
 bool
-str·equals(const string s, const string t)
+string·equals(string s, string t)
 {
-    vlong sL = str·len(s);
-    vlong tL = str·len(t);
-    if (sL != tL) return false;
+    vlong sL = string·len(s);
+    vlong tL = string·len(t);
+
+    if(sL != tL)
+        return false;
 
     return memcmp(s, t, sL) == 0;
 }
diff --git a/src/base/string/find.c b/src/base/string/find.c
index 20f990e..821094d 100644
--- a/src/base/string/find.c
+++ b/src/base/string/find.c
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@
 // find will find the first occurence of
 // substr in the string returns -1 if nothing was found.
 int
-str·find(string s, const byte* substr)
+string·find(string s, char* substr)
 {
-    byte* loc = strstr(s, substr);
-    if (loc == nil) return -1;
-    return (int)(loc - s);
+    char* loc = str·find(s, substr);
+
+    if(loc == nil)
+        return -1;
+    return(int)(loc - s);
 }
diff --git a/src/base/string/fit.c b/src/base/string/fit.c
index 56ab041..23d4200 100644
--- a/src/base/string/fit.c
+++ b/src/base/string/fit.c
@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@
 // buffer. if the capacity equals the length, then the function is a noop. the
 // byte array is unchanged.
 void
-str·fit(string *s)
+string·fit(string *s)
 {
     Hdr* h;
-    vlong  cap = str·cap(*s);
-    vlong  len = str·len(*s);
+    vlong  cap = string·cap(*s);
+    vlong  len = string·len(*s);
 
-    if (cap == len) return;
+    if(cap == len)
+        return;
 
     h      = (Hdr*)(s - sizeof(Hdr));
     h      = realloc(h, sizeof(*h) + len + 1);
diff --git a/src/base/string/free.c b/src/base/string/free.c
index 7b5ee98..7e0301b 100644
--- a/src/base/string/free.c
+++ b/src/base/string/free.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 // free returns memory associated to the buffer.
 void
-str·free(string s)
+string·free(string s)
 {
     free(s - sizeof(Hdr));
 }
diff --git a/src/base/string/grow.c b/src/base/string/grow.c
index 39a9d2f..6abe4cc 100644
--- a/src/base/string/grow.c
+++ b/src/base/string/grow.c
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 // if it already can, this is a no op.
 // if it can't, the string will be reallocated.
 void
-str·grow(string *s, vlong delta)
+string·grow(string *s, vlong delta)
 {
     Hdr *h, *newh;
-    vlong cap = str·cap(*s);
-    vlong len = str·len(*s);
+    vlong cap = string·cap(*s);
+    vlong len = string·len(*s);
     assert(cap >= len); // To prevent unsigned behavior
 
     if (cap - len >= delta) return;
diff --git a/src/base/string/join.c b/src/base/string/join.c
index fb97b6c..04d4739 100644
--- a/src/base/string/join.c
+++ b/src/base/string/join.c
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 string
-str·join(vlong len, byte** fields, const byte* sep)
+string·join(vlong len, byte** fields, byte* sep)
 {
-    string s = str·makecap("", 0, 10);
+    string s = string·makecap("", 0, 10);
     int    j = 0;
 
     for (j = 0; j < len; j++) {
-        str·append(&s, fields[j]);
+        string·append(&s, fields[j]);
         if (j < len - 1) 
-            str·appendlen(&s, 1, sep);
+            string·appendlen(&s, 1, sep);
     }
 
     return s;
diff --git a/src/base/string/len.c b/src/base/string/len.c
index 5e42919..cd0c360 100644
--- a/src/base/string/len.c
+++ b/src/base/string/len.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 // len returns the length of the string.
 int
-str·len(const string s)
+string·len(string s)
 {
     Hdr* h = (Hdr*)(s - sizeof(Hdr));
     return h->len;
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ str·len(const string s)
 
 // cap returns the capacity of the string buffer.
 int
-str·cap(const string s)
+string·cap(string s)
 {
     Hdr* h = (Hdr*)(s - sizeof(Hdr));
     return h->cap;
diff --git a/src/base/string/lower.c b/src/base/string/lower.c
index c6935f8..00556d6 100644
--- a/src/base/string/lower.c
+++ b/src/base/string/lower.c
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 // lower will force all runes in the string to be lowercase
 void
-str·lower(string s)
+string·lower(string s)
 {
     byte *b, *e;
     b = s;
-    e = b + str·len(s);
+    e = b + string·len(s);
     while (b++ != e)
         *b = tolower(*b);
 }
diff --git a/src/base/string/make.c b/src/base/string/make.c
index eb71543..d1e594a 100644
--- a/src/base/string/make.c
+++ b/src/base/string/make.c
@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@
 // len defines the length of the c substring that we will copy into our buffer.
 // the backing buffer will have capacity cap.
 string
-str·makecap(const byte *s, vlong len, vlong cap)
+string·makecap(byte *s, vlong len, vlong cap)
 {
     struct Hdr* h;
 
     h = malloc(sizeof(*h) + cap + 1);
-    if (s == nil) memset(h, 0, sizeof(*h));
+    if(s == nil) memset(h, 0, sizeof(*h));
 
-    if (h == nil) return nil; // Allocation failed.
+    if(h == nil) return nil; // Allocation failed.
 
     h->len = (s == nil) ? 0 : len;
     h->cap = cap;
 
-    if (cap < h->len) goto cleanup;
+    if(cap < h->len) goto cleanup;
 
-    if (s != nil && cap > 0) {
+    if(s != nil && cap > 0){
         memcpy(h->buf, s, h->len);
         memset(h->buf + h->len, '\0', h->cap - h->len + 1);
     }
@@ -34,20 +34,20 @@ cleanup:
 // new returns a new dynamic string object, initialized from the given c string.
 // the backing buffer capacity is equivalent to the string length.
 string
-str·makelen(const byte *s, vlong len)
+string·makelen(byte *s, vlong len)
 {
     vlong sl = (!s) ? 0 : strlen(s);
-    if (sl < len) panicf("attempted to take a bigger substring than string length");
+    if(sl < len) panicf("attempted to take a bigger substring than string length");
 
     vlong cap = (len == 0) ? 1 : len;
-    return str·makecap(s, len, cap);
+    return string·makecap(s, len, cap);
 }
 
 // new returns a new dynamic string object, initialized from the given c string.
 // the backing buffer capacity is equivalent to the string length.
 string
-str·make(const byte *s)
+string·make(byte *s)
 {
     vlong len = (!s) ? 0 : strlen(s);
-    return str·makelen(s, len);
+    return string·makelen(s, len);
 }
diff --git a/src/base/string/makef.c b/src/base/string/makef.c
index 8fb9c38..1e0d917 100644
--- a/src/base/string/makef.c
+++ b/src/base/string/makef.c
@@ -1,25 +1,22 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
-// Newf returns a new dynamic string object
+// makef returns a new dynamic string object
 string
-str·makef(const byte *fmt, ...)
+string·makef(byte *fmt, ...)
 {
     vlong  n;
     string s;
     va_list args;
+    char bytes[256];
 
-    va_start(args, fmt);
-    n = vsnprintf(nil, 0, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-
-    s = str·makecap(nil, 0, n);
+    s = string·makecap(nil, 0, arrlen(bytes));
 
     va_start(args, fmt);
-    vsnprintf(s, n + 1, fmt, args);
+    do{
+        n = fmt·vnsprint(bytes, arrlen(bytes), fmt, args);
+        string·append(&s, bytes);
+    }while(n==arrlen(bytes));
     va_end(args);
 
-    Hdr* h = (Hdr*)(s - sizeof(Hdr));
-    h->len = n;
-
     return s;
 }
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/append.c b/src/base/string/raw/append.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a4c37e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/append.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base.h>
+
+char *
+str·append(char *dst, char *src)
+{
+    str·copy(dst+str·len(dst), src);
+    return dst;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/atoi.c b/src/base/string/raw/atoi.c
index dba057a..8084e3e 100644
--- a/src/base/string/atoi.c
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/atoi.c
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#include "internal.h"
-
 int
 str·atoi(char *s)
 {
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/compare.c b/src/base/string/raw/compare.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05e6c66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/compare.c
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base.h>
+
+int
+str·compare(char *l, char *r)
+{
+    int cl, cr;
+
+    for(;;){
+        cl=*l++, cr=*r++;
+        if(cl != cr)
+            return cl-cr;
+        if(!cl)
+            return 0;
+    }
+    /* unreachable */
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/copy.c b/src/base/string/raw/copy.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..10562bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/copy.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+char *
+str·copy(char *dst, char *src)
+{
+    while(*src)
+        *dst++ = *src++;
+
+    *dst = 0;
+    return dst;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/eappend.c b/src/base/string/raw/eappend.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf9086f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/eappend.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base.h>
+
+char *
+str·eappend(char *dst, char *end, char *src)
+{
+    str·ecopy(dst+str·len(dst), end, src);
+    return dst;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/ecompare.c b/src/base/string/raw/ecompare.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0e20e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/ecompare.c
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base.h>
+
+int
+str·ecompare(char *l, char *e, char *r)
+{
+    int cl, cr;
+
+    if(l > e) /* l is nil */
+        return *r ? -1 : 0;
+
+    while(l != e){
+        cl=*l++, cr=*r++;
+        if(cl != cr)
+            return cl-cr;
+        if(!cl)
+            return 0;
+    }
+    return *r ? -1 : 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/ecopy.c b/src/base/string/raw/ecopy.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd812e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/ecopy.c
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+char *
+str·ecopy(char *dst, char *end, char *src)
+{
+    if(dst > end)
+        return dst;
+
+    while(*src && dst != end)
+        *dst++ = *src++;
+
+    *dst = 0;
+    return dst;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/efind.c b/src/base/string/raw/efind.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e097b42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/efind.c
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base/memory.h>
+#include <base/string.h>
+
+char *
+str·efind(char *h, char *e, char *n)
+{
+    char *s, *ih, *in;
+    intptr i, sum, sz;
+
+    if(!n || !n[0])
+        return h;
+
+    if(!h || !h[0] || h > e)
+        return nil;
+
+    /* two way string matching */
+
+    /* align first characters */
+    if(!(s = str·findc(h, n[0])))
+        return nil;
+
+    ih = s+1;
+    in = n+1;
+    i = 1, sum = 0;
+    while(*ih && *in && ih != e){
+        sum += *ih;
+        sum -= *in;
+        i &= (*ih++ == *in++);
+    }
+
+    if(*in) /* needle is larger than haystack! */
+        return nil;
+    else if(i) /* found match */
+        return s;
+
+    /* no hit: loop for remainder of haystack
+     * if prefix sum ever falls to zero, we have equal hashes
+     * compare! */
+    sz = in - n - 1;
+    for(; *ih && ih != e; ih++){
+        sum -= *s++; /* sub the last character, advance the location on haystack */
+        sum += *ih;  /* add the next character */
+        if(sum == 0 && mem·compare(s, sz, n)==0)
+            return s;
+    }
+    return nil;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/efindc.c b/src/base/string/raw/efindc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c20ce5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/efindc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#include <u.h>
+
+char *
+str·efindc(char *s, char *e, int c)
+{
+    if(s > e)
+        return nil;
+
+    while(*s && s != e){
+        if(*s == c)
+            return s;
+        s++;
+    }
+    return nil;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/find.c b/src/base/string/raw/find.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3faf040
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/find.c
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base/memory.h>
+#include <base/string.h>
+
+char *
+str·find(char *h, char *n)
+{
+    char *s, *ih, *in;
+    intptr i, sum, len;
+
+    if(!n || !n[0])
+        return h;
+
+    if(!h || !h[0])
+        return nil;
+
+    /* two way string matching */
+
+    /* align first characters */
+    if(!(s = str·findc(h, n[0])))
+        return nil;
+
+    ih = s+1;
+    in = n+1;
+    i = 1, sum = 0;
+    while(*ih && *in){
+        sum += *ih;
+        sum -= *in;
+        i &= (*ih++ == *in++);
+    }
+
+    if(*in) /* needle is larger than haystack! */
+        return nil;
+    else if(i) /* found match */
+        return s;
+
+    /* no hit: loop for remainder of haystack
+     * if prefix sum ever falls to zero, we have equal hashes
+     * compare! */
+    len = in - n - 1;
+    for(; *ih; ih++){
+        sum -= *s++; /* sub the last character, advance the location on haystack */
+        sum += *ih;  /* add the next character */
+        if(sum == 0 && mem·compare(s, len, n)==0)
+            return s;
+    }
+    return nil;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/findc.c b/src/base/string/raw/findc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65099d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/findc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include <u.h>
+
+char *
+str·findc(char *s, int c)
+{
+    while(*s){
+        if(*s == c)
+            return s;
+        s++;
+    }
+    return nil;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/itoa.c b/src/base/string/raw/itoa.c
index a2910f4..38a6661 100644
--- a/src/base/string/itoa.c
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/itoa.c
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-#include "internal.h"
-
 static char *
 kernel(char *s, int x)
 {
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/len.c b/src/base/string/raw/len.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8736e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/len.c
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#include <u.h>
+
+intptr
+str·len(char *s)
+{
+    int n = 0;
+    while(s[n])
+        n++;
+    return n;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/nappend.c b/src/base/string/raw/nappend.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcd0e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/nappend.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base.h>
+
+char *
+str·nappend(char *dst, intptr len, char *src)
+{
+    str·ncopy(dst+str·len(dst), len, src);
+    return dst;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/ncompare.c b/src/base/string/raw/ncompare.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34c6d6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/ncompare.c
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base.h>
+
+int
+str·ncompare(char *l, intptr n, char *r)
+{
+    int cl, cr;
+
+    while(n-- > 0){
+        cl=*l++, cr=*r++;
+        if(cl != cr)
+            return cl-cr;
+        if(!cl)
+            return 0;
+    }
+    return *r ? -1 : 0;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/copyn.c b/src/base/string/raw/ncopy.c
index 09c2879..cf18a4b 100644
--- a/src/base/string/copyn.c
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/ncopy.c
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-#include "internal.h"
-
 char *
-str·copyn(char *dst, char *src, int n)
+str·ncopy(char *dst, int n, char *src)
 {
     while(*src && n-- > 0)
         *dst++ = *src++;
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/nfind.c b/src/base/string/raw/nfind.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..181cc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/nfind.c
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#include <u.h>
+#include <base/memory.h>
+#include <base/string.h>
+
+char *
+str·nfind(char *h, intptr len, char *n)
+{
+    char *s, *ih, *in;
+    intptr i, sum, sz;
+
+    if(!n || !n[0])
+        return h;
+
+    if(!h || !h[0])
+        return nil;
+
+    /* two way string matching */
+
+    /* align first characters */
+    if(!(s = str·findc(h, n[0])))
+        return nil;
+
+    len -= (s-h);
+    sz = len;
+
+    ih = s+1;
+    in = n+1;
+    i = 1, sum = 0;
+    while(*ih && *in && len-- > 0){
+        sum += *ih;
+        sum -= *in;
+        i &= (*ih++ == *in++);
+    }
+
+    if(*in) /* needle is larger than haystack! */
+        return nil;
+    else if(i) /* found match */
+        return s;
+
+    /* no hit: loop for remainder of haystack
+     * if prefix sum ever falls to zero, we have equal hashes
+     * compare! */
+    sz = in - n - 1;
+    for(len=sz; *ih && len>0; ih++,len--){
+        sum -= *s++; /* sub the last character, advance the location on haystack */
+        sum += *ih;  /* add the next character */
+        if(sum == 0 && mem·compare(s, sz, n)==0)
+            return s;
+    }
+    return nil;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/nfindc.c b/src/base/string/raw/nfindc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..832c39d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/nfindc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#include <u.h>
+
+char *
+str·nfindc(char *s, intptr n, int c)
+{
+    while(*s && n-- > 0){
+        if(*s == c)
+            return s;
+        s++;
+    }
+    return nil;
+}
diff --git a/src/base/string/raw/rules.mk b/src/base/string/raw/rules.mk
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0c7d46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/base/string/raw/rules.mk
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+SRCS_$(d)+=$(wildcard $(d)/string/raw/*.c)
diff --git a/src/base/string/read.c b/src/base/string/read.c
index df2028f..f753e24 100644
--- a/src/base/string/read.c
+++ b/src/base/string/read.c
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 
 int
-str·read(string s, int size, int n, void *buf)
+string·read(string s, int size, int n, void *buf)
 {
     int len;
 
-    len = MIN(n * size, str·len(s));
+    len = MIN(n * size, string·len(s));
     memcpy(buf, s, len);
 
     return len;
diff --git a/src/base/string/replace.c b/src/base/string/replace.c
index 127daed..979c385 100644
--- a/src/base/string/replace.c
+++ b/src/base/string/replace.c
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 // edits are done in place and modify the string.
 // NOTE:  as of now strings from and to must be the same size.
 void
-str·replace(string s, const byte* from, const byte* to)
+string·replace(string s, byte* from, byte* to)
 {
     vlong fromL = strlen(from);
     vlong toL   = strlen(to);
     if (toL != fromL) { panicf("different sized replacement string not supported"); }
 
-    vlong l = str·len(s);
+    vlong l = string·len(s);
     vlong i = l;
     vlong j = l;
 
diff --git a/src/base/string/rules.mk b/src/base/string/rules.mk
index 5fa6c5e..c2759f9 100644
--- a/src/base/string/rules.mk
+++ b/src/base/string/rules.mk
@@ -1,21 +1,3 @@
-SRCS_$(d)+=\
-	$(d)/string/atoi.c\
-	$(d)/string/itoa.c\
-	$(d)/string/append.c\
-	$(d)/string/appendf.c\
-	$(d)/string/clear.c\
-	$(d)/string/copyn.c\
-	$(d)/string/equals.c\
-	$(d)/string/find.c\
-	$(d)/string/fit.c\
-	$(d)/string/free.c\
-	$(d)/string/grow.c\
-	$(d)/string/join.c\
-	$(d)/string/len.c\
-	$(d)/string/lower.c\
-	$(d)/string/make.c\
-	$(d)/string/makef.c\
-	$(d)/string/read.c\
-	$(d)/string/replace.c\
-	$(d)/string/split.c\
-	$(d)/string/upper.c\
+include $(d)/string/raw/rules.mk
+
+SRCS_$(d)+=$(wildcard $(d)/string/*.c)
diff --git a/src/base/string/split.c b/src/base/string/split.c
index 2aa68b4..9d5d440 100644
--- a/src/base/string/split.c
+++ b/src/base/string/split.c
@@ -4,36 +4,36 @@
 // returns a stretchy buffer of strings that result from the partition.
 // it is the caller's responsibility to clean the memory.
 string*
-str·split(string s, const byte* tok)
+string·split(string s, byte* tok)
 {
     string* fields = nil;
     vlong start  = 0;
 
-    vlong sL   = str·len(s);
-    vlong tokL = strlen(tok);
-    if (sL == 0 || tokL == 0) return nil;
+    vlong sL   = string·len(s);
+    vlong tokL = str·len(tok);
+    if(sL == 0 || tokL == 0)
+        return nil;
 
     buffit(fields, 5);
 
-    for (vlong i = 0; i < sL - tokL; i++) {
-        if ((tokL == 1 && s[i] == tokL) || !memcmp(s + i, tok, tokL)) {
-            bufpush(fields, str·makelen(s + start, i - start));
-            if (fields[buflen(fields) - 1] == nil) goto cleanup;
+    for(vlong i = 0; i < sL - tokL; i++){
+        if((tokL == 1 && s[i] == tokL) || !memcmp(s + i, tok, tokL)){
+            bufpush(fields, string·makelen(s + start, i - start));
+            if(fields[buflen(fields) - 1] == nil) goto cleanup;
 
             start = i + tokL;
             i += tokL - 1;
         }
     }
 
-    bufpush(fields, str·makelen(s + start, sL - start));
+    bufpush(fields, string·makelen(s + start, sL - start));
 
     return fields;
 
 cleanup:
-    for (vlong i = 0; i < buflen(fields); i++) {
-        str·free(fields[i]);
-    }
+    for(vlong i = 0; i < buflen(fields); i++)
+        string·free(fields[i]);
+
     buffree(fields);
     return nil;
 }
-
diff --git a/src/base/string/upper.c b/src/base/string/upper.c
index ab692c1..2110974 100644
--- a/src/base/string/upper.c
+++ b/src/base/string/upper.c
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 
 // Upper will force all runes in the string to be uppercase.
 void
-str·upper(string s)
+string·upper(string s)
 {
     byte *b, *e;
     b = s;
-    e = b + str·len(s);
+    e = b + string·len(s);
     while (b++ != e) 
         *b = toupper(*b);
 }
diff --git a/src/libbio/newick.c b/src/libbio/newick.c
index bc768fd..a855cea 100644
--- a/src/libbio/newick.c
+++ b/src/libbio/newick.c
@@ -229,14 +229,14 @@ parse(struct Parser *p)
                 errorf("incorrect format: comment found in disallowed region");
                 goto ERROR;
             }
-            node->comment = str·make("");
+            node->comment = string·make("");
             while (tok.kind != tok·rbrak) {
                 tok = lex_nospace(p->file, p->io);
                 if (tok.kind == tok·eof || tok.kind == tok·nil) {
                     errorf("incorrect format: unmatched comment bracket '['");
                     goto ERROR;
                 }
-                str·append(&node->comment, tokstr(tok));
+                string·append(&node->comment, tokstr(tok));
             }
         break;
 
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ parse(struct Parser *p)
                     errorf("parse error: attempting to set name of nil node");
                     goto ERROR;
                 }
-                node->name = str·make(tok.lit.s);
+                node->name = string·make(tok.lit.s);
             } else {
                 if (p->tok.kind != tok·lparen && p->tok.kind != tok·comma) {
                     errorf("format error: misplaced identifier for leaf found");
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ parse(struct Parser *p)
                 node = p->mem.alloc(p->heap, 1, sizeof(*node));
                 memset(node, 0, sizeof(*node));
 
-                node->name = str·make(tok.lit.s);
+                node->name = string·make(tok.lit.s);
 
                 phylo·addchild(p->root, node);
             }
diff --git a/sys/rules.mk b/sys/rules.mk
index 1cbe50e..3dbdd0a 100644
--- a/sys/rules.mk
+++ b/sys/rules.mk
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ RT3_OBJ := $(filter %.o, $(RT3_SRC:.c=.o))
 RT3_OBJ := $(patsubst $(SYS_DIR)/rt/%, $(OBJ_DIR)/rt/%, $(RT3_OBJ))
 
 $(RT1_OBJ): TCFLAGS=-fno-builtin -fno-stack-protector
+$(RT1_OBJ): $(RT1_SRC)
+
 $(RT1): $(SYS_DIR)/rt/$(ARCH)/rt1.s $(RT1_OBJ)
 	@echo "AS 	rt1.a"
 	@$(AS) $(AFLAGS) -o $(OBJ_DIR)/rt/rt1.o -c $<